About Cornwall
Cornwall is a county in South West England on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. The only city is Truro, while the historic capitals are Launceston and then Bodmin.
Cornwall is one of the six historic ‘Celtic nations’ and some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, choosing to refer to it as a Duchy which is separate from England. The Cornish language gradually died out as a spoken language during the 18th century, and by the mid 19th century was effectively extinct. However, there have been some attempts to revive it in more recent times.
Geography
Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs.
The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically-named High Cliff, between Boscastle and Tintagel, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in the county at 735 ft (224 m). However, there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches that are so important to the tourist industry, such as those at St Ives, Perranporth and Newquay. The only river estuary of any size on the north coast is that of the Camel, which provides Padstow with a safe harbour.
The south coast is somewhat more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries formed by drowned valleys or rias that offer safe anchorages to seafarers, such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform.
Climate
Cornwall is the southernmost part of Britain, and therefore has a relatively warm and sunny climate. Winters are mild, and frost or snow are uncommon apart from in the central upland areas. The average annual temperature for most of the county is 9.8 to 12 degrees Celsius (49.6 to 53.6 °F), with slightly lower temperatures at higher altitude.
The county is exposed to mild, moist westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean and has relatively high rainfall, though less than more northern areas of the west coast of Britain. Most of Cornwall enjoys over 1541 hours of sunshine per year.
Tourism
Cornwall’s unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom’s main tourist centres. Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has miles of beaches and cliffs.
Five million tourists visit the county each year, mostly drawn from within the UK. In particular, Newquay is a popular destination for surfers. In recent years, the Eden Project has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall’s visitors.
Industry
In addition to tourism the other main industries are fishing and agriculture. Unfortunately fishing has been significantly damaged by EU fishing policies and agriculture has also declined significantly. Mining of tin and copper was also an industry but today no longer exists. Several defunct mines have applied for status as World Heritage Sites.
Music and festivals
Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition and is well known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays, the Furry Dance in Helston, and Obby Oss in Padstow.
Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several lively inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth’s Lowender Peran folk festival.
Sports and games
Aunique Cornish sport is hurling, a kind of medieval football played with a silver ball. The sport now takes place at St. Columb Major and St Ives. Hurling of a silver ball is also part of the beating the bounds ceremony at Bodmin every five years.
Due to its large coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall.
Rock climbing on the sea cliffs and inland cliffs has been popular since the pioneeering work of A. W. Andrews and others in the early 1900s, and is now highly developed.
Euchre is a popular card game in Cornwall, it is normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Its origins are unclear but some claim it is a Cornish game. There are several leagues in Cornwall at present.
Food and drink
Cornwall has a strong gastronomic heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed. Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver recently chose to open his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Newquay.
One famous local fish dish is star-gazy pie, a fish-based pie in which the heads and tails of the fish stick through the pasty crust, as though “star-gazing”. The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcocks Eve.
More traditional Cornish restaurants are known as meaderies, as they serve mead. Meaderies usually have a medieval ambiance, typically in the style of a banquet hall with wooden flooring, heavy wooden tables, lit by candlelight with white-painted granite walls. Fare such as a turkey leg, chicken and chips is served to each table on a large wooden plate and is eaten by hand. A lemon floating in a bowl of water is used to clean the hands along with serviettes. Food is served by ‘barefoot wenches’!
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savory dish made from pastry containing suet. Those seen today most commonly contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings, including the licky pasty, comprised mostly of leeks, and the herb pasty, which contained watercress, parsley, and shallots. Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies or ‘Teddy Oggies’.
The climate is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall’s other famous export, Cornish clotted cream. This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge, Cornish ice cream, and other traditional recipes such as thunder and lightning (bread with clotted cream and treacle), and burnt cream. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law and cannot be made anywhere else.
Local desserts include Saffron Cake, Cornish Heavy (Hevva) Cake, Cornish fairings Biscuits, Figgy ‘obbin, and Whortleberry Pie.
There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall — the St Austell brewery is the best-known — including a stout, and there is some small scale production of wine, mead, and cider.
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